Across the world, women consistently live longer than men. In the United States, women have a life expectancy of about 81.1 years, while men live to an average of 75.8. That’s a difference of over five years. This gap, once as high as eight years in the 1980s, remains significant despite modern advances in healthcare. But why is this the case?
Scientists say it’s a complex mix of biology, behavior, and lifestyle. The goal isn’t just to understand why women live longer, but to find ways to help both men and women age more healthfully.
What the Experts Are Saying
“This is a very robust phenomenon,” said Dr. Dena Dubal, a neurologist at the University of California, San Francisco. “It holds true across cultures, even during famines or epidemics.” Dr. Bérénice Benayoun from the University of Southern California adds that although women live longer, they tend to have shorter “health spans,” meaning fewer years in good health. Understanding the differences can help scientists discover treatments and habits that support better aging for everyone.
A Longstanding Global Pattern
The gender gap in life expectancy isn’t new. In 1900, women in the U.S. lived about two years longer than men. By 2023, that difference had grown to 5.3 years. Even when men reach old age, they are more likely to die younger. Among those who died in 2023, 31 percent of men were under age 65, compared to just 19 percent of women.
The reasons behind this trend aren’t just cultural. The same pattern appears in many other mammal species, suggesting there’s a deep biological reason at play.
Five Key Reasons Women Tend to Outlive Men
- Biological Advantages
Women have two X chromosomes while men have one X and one Y. This extra X chromosome offers a backup for many important genes, including those involved in the immune system. If a gene on one X chromosome is damaged, women have a second copy that can still function. In men, the lack of a second X means there’s no backup. Some researchers believe this makes women more resilient to genetic defects, which can affect longevity. - Hormonal Protection
Estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, provides several health benefits. It protects the heart, lowers inflammation, supports bone health, and even boosts brain function. Women tend to develop heart disease about ten years later than men, in part because of estrogen. After menopause, when estrogen levels drop, women’s risk for certain diseases increases, but the earlier protection still seems to offer long-term benefits. - Healthier Behaviors
Women generally make healthier choices. They’re more likely to avoid heavy drinking and smoking. They wear seatbelts more often and are more likely to see a doctor regularly. This focus on preventive care helps catch problems early and manage chronic conditions better. - Lower Risk from External Dangers
Men are more likely to die from accidents, violence, suicide, and drug overdoses. They’re also more likely to work in dangerous jobs, such as construction or heavy industry. During the COVID-19 pandemic, men were more likely to die, partly because of greater exposure and lower vaccination rates. These external factors all contribute to lower male life expectancy. - Stress and Social Connection
Men often respond to stress by isolating themselves or turning to risky behaviors, such as drinking or smoking. Women, on the other hand, are more likely to talk about their feelings and rely on strong social support networks. This emotional connection can buffer stress and improve mental health, which contributes to longer life.
The Role of the Sleeping X Chromosome
Recent studies suggest the extra X chromosome in women may do more than provide backup. Researchers found that in older female mice, the second X chromosome becomes more active with age. It begins to express genes that protect the brain and support memory. This “awakening” could help explain why women experience slower cognitive decline than men.
Dr. Dubal, who led the study at UCSF, said, “The silent X in females actually reawakens late in life, probably helping to slow cognitive decline.” If this effect exists in humans as well, it may offer new strategies for improving brain health in both sexes.
What Can Men Do?
Even though some of the differences are biological, men can still take action to increase their odds of living a longer, healthier life. Here are a few things experts recommend:
- Go to the doctor regularly. Preventive screenings and early detection save lives.
- Build strong social ties. Friendships and emotional support reduce stress and improve mental health.
- Avoid risky behavior. Wear seatbelts, drink in moderation, and avoid smoking or drug use.
- Eat a healthy diet. Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
- Get regular exercise. Physical activity improves heart health, mental clarity, and overall well-being.
- Manage stress. Don’t bottle up emotions. Talk to friends, a counselor, or join support groups.
Aiming for a Healthier Future
While women still live longer than men, the goal for everyone is to live not just more years, but better ones. By studying why women tend to age more slowly and live longer, scientists hope to develop tools and habits that help men close the gap. And for now, adopting healthier lifestyles and seeking regular medical care are some of the best ways men can boost both their lifespan and their health span.
